New Hampshire 100 days away from total solar eclipse - WMUR Manchester

OF THE MONEY APRIL 8, 2024 IS OFFICIALLY SOLAR ECLIPSE DAY IN NEW HAMPSHIRE. THAT’S WHEN WE’LL BEING SEEING A TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE. THE STATE EXPECTS A LOOFT TOURISTS, ESPECIALLY IN THE NORTH COUNTRY WHERE IT WILL BE PEAK VIEWING. THIS MORNING, THE GOVEORRN SIGNED A BILL MAKING THE DAY’S SPECIAL DESIGNATION OFFICI.AL AFTER 2024, THE NEXT TOTAL ECLIPSE WILL NOT HAPPEN UNTIL 2079. KEVIN: YOU KNOW WHAT MAKES ME NERVOUS ABOUT THAT?

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New Hampshire 100 days away from total solar eclipse

Eclipse on April 8, 2024, will be New Hampshire’s first total solar eclipse since 1959

Some Granite Staters and people around the world are counting down the days until the total solar eclipse crosses the U.S. in 2024.Granite Staters have been fortunate enough to see this breathtaking phenomenon in the past.New Hampshire saw its only total solar eclipses over the last 150 years, in 1932 and 1959.>> Download the FREE WMUR app1932On Aug. 31, 1932, the path of totality began in the Arctic Sea and crossed through central and southeastern Canada before passing through Vermont and New Hampshire, with slivers of Massachusetts and Maine seeing totality.In New Hampshire, the path covered all of the North Country and the White Mountains, covering Mount Washington and the Old Man of the Mountain. The path then crossed through part of the central and southeastern parts of the state, including Plymouth, Tilton, Laconia, Lake Winnipesaukee, Rochester, Somersworth, Dover, Portsmouth, Hampton Beach and Seabrook.A Granite Stater wrote to the Plaistow Historical Society in 2008 with his memories of the “striking” 1932 event. He recalled that birds seemed to stop flying by or chirping when the sun was blocked, and roosters began crowing as if it was sunrise when the sun reemerged in the sky.1959On Oct. 2, 1959, a solar eclipse began its path of totality at sunrise in extreme southern New Hampshire and central Massachusetts.Communities like Jaffrey, Rindge, New Ipswich, Greenville, Hollis, Nashua, Windham, Salem and Plaistow were all in the path. In Nashua, for example, the totality peaked at 6:50 a.m. and lasted for about 35 seconds.The totality path also crossed through Boston, where rainy weather prevented viewing of the eclipse, but the “sudden brightening of the sky at the end of totality was a startling and impressive sight,” Margaret Mayall wrote in the 1960 version of the Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada.2017 and other notable close callsThe eclipse in 2017 did not reach totality in New Hampshire, but about 60% of the sun was be covered by the moon at the eclipse’s peak.Granite Staters may recall other close calls in the past, including:Jan. 24, 1925 – The totality path crossed through New York City and southern New England, with New Hampshire seeing a near-total eclipse at 98% coverage in southern areas.July 20, 1963 – The totality path only crossed through Alaska and central Maine in the US, but New Hampshire’s view of the sun was obscured by more than 90%.March 7, 1970 – Much of New Hampshire saw the more than 90%t of the sun blocked by the moon as the totality path crossed over Nantucket but missed the rest of New England.May 10, 1994 - An eclipse crossed through the Granite State at about 1:42 p.m. It was annular — and not total — because the moon was further away from the Earth than normal in its orbit. So while the entire moon blocked our view of the sun, it covered only about 89% of the sun at its peak, with a ring of sunlight forming around the moon.2024The eclipse on April 8, 2024, will be New Hampshire’s first total solar eclipse since 1959.The totality path will cross northern Vermont (including Burlington), southern Canada (including Montreal), northern New Hampshire and a large swath of northern Maine.New Hampshire communities along the path include Lancaster, Stark, Northumberland, Milan, Dummer, Errol, Dixville Notch and Pittsburg.Totality will last about 3 minutes and 30 seconds. The peak in New Hampshire will be about 3:30 p.m. For the rest of the state, the sun will be obscured by 95% or more at the peak. 2079In 56 years, on May 1, 2079, New Hampshire will experience totality again. Like its eclipse in 1959, this one will occur around sunrise. This eclipse will begin in the northeastern United States before crossing the Atlantic Ocean and into Greenland and later the Arctic Ocean.A large swath of southern New Hampshire will be in its path, with the eclipse peaking at about 6:07 a.m. Communities in the totality path include Wolfeboro, Rochester, Somersworth, Dover, Hampton, Epping, Exeter, Manchester, Concord, Loudon, Nashua, Salem, Jaffrey and Keene.

MANCHESTER, N.H. —

Some Granite Staters and people around the world are counting down the days until the total solar eclipse crosses the U.S. in 2024.

Furnished by Plaistow Historical Society

Granite Staters have been fortunate enough to see this breathtaking phenomenon in the past.

New Hampshire saw its only total solar eclipses over the last 150 years, in 1932 and 1959.

>> Download the FREE WMUR app

1932

On Aug. 31, 1932, the path of totality began in the Arctic Sea and crossed through central and southeastern Canada before passing through Vermont and New Hampshire, with slivers of Massachusetts and Maine seeing totality.

In New Hampshire, the path covered all of the North Country and the White Mountains, covering Mount Washington and the Old Man of the Mountain. The path then crossed through part of the central and southeastern parts of the state, including Plymouth, Tilton, Laconia, Lake Winnipesaukee, Rochester, Somersworth, Dover, Portsmouth, Hampton Beach and Seabrook.

Hearst Owned

A Granite Stater wrote to the Plaistow Historical Society in 2008 with his memories of the “striking” 1932 event. He recalled that birds seemed to stop flying by or chirping when the sun was blocked, and roosters began crowing as if it was sunrise when the sun reemerged in the sky.

1959

On Oct. 2, 1959, a solar eclipse began its path of totality at sunrise in extreme southern New Hampshire and central Massachusetts.

Communities like Jaffrey, Rindge, New Ipswich, Greenville, Hollis, Nashua, Windham, Salem and Plaistow were all in the path. In Nashua, for example, the totality peaked at 6:50 a.m. and lasted for about 35 seconds.

The totality path also crossed through Boston, where rainy weather prevented viewing of the eclipse, but the “sudden brightening of the sky at the end of totality was a startling and impressive sight,” Margaret Mayall wrote in the 1960 version of the Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada.

2017 and other notable close calls

The eclipse in 2017 did not reach totality in New Hampshire, but about 60% of the sun was be covered by the moon at the eclipse’s peak.

Granite Staters may recall other close calls in the past, including:

• Jan. 24, 1925 – The totality path crossed through New York City and southern New England, with New Hampshire seeing a near-total eclipse at 98% coverage in southern areas.
• July 20, 1963 – The totality path only crossed through Alaska and central Maine in the US, but New Hampshire’s view of the sun was obscured by more than 90%.
• March 7, 1970 – Much of New Hampshire saw the more than 90%t of the sun blocked by the moon as the totality path crossed over Nantucket but missed the rest of New England.
• May 10, 1994 - An eclipse crossed through the Granite State at about 1:42 p.m. It was annular — and not total — because the moon was further away from the Earth than normal in its orbit. So while the entire moon blocked our view of the sun, it covered only about 89% of the sun at its peak, with a ring of sunlight forming around the moon.

2024

The eclipse on April 8, 2024, will be New Hampshire’s first total solar eclipse since 1959.

Hearst Owned

The totality path will cross northern Vermont (including Burlington), southern Canada (including Montreal), northern New Hampshire and a large swath of northern Maine.

New Hampshire communities along the path include Lancaster, Stark, Northumberland, Milan, Dummer, Errol, Dixville Notch and Pittsburg.

Totality will last about 3 minutes and 30 seconds.

The peak in New Hampshire will be about 3:30 p.m. For the rest of the state, the sun will be obscured by 95% or more at the peak.

2079

In 56 years, on May 1, 2079, New Hampshire will experience totality again. Like its eclipse in 1959, this one will occur around sunrise. This eclipse will begin in the northeastern United States before crossing the Atlantic Ocean and into Greenland and later the Arctic Ocean.

A large swath of southern New Hampshire will be in its path, with the eclipse peaking at about 6:07 a.m. Communities in the totality path include Wolfeboro, Rochester, Somersworth, Dover, Hampton, Epping, Exeter, Manchester, Concord, Loudon, Nashua, Salem, Jaffrey and Keene.

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'God of Chaos': NASA sends spacecraft to study asteroid approaching earth - FRANCE 24 English

A NASA spacecraft, recently returned from a mission to asteroid Bennu, has been relaunched to study another asteroid as it approaches Earth’s orbit: Apophis, named after the Egyptian god of Chaos. The space rock is expected to pass within 32,000 kilometres of the Earth's surface on April 13, 2029.

Issued on: 29/12/2023 - 16:41

3 min

On December 22, NASA announced it had relaunched its OSIRIS-REx spacecraft to study a 370-metre-diameter asteroid approaching Earth's orbit named Apophis.

In Egyptian mythology, Apophis is a serpent-shaped god and an embodiment of darkness and disorder which seeks to eradicate the world. Thankfully, the asteroid bearing its name has no such intention. 

Like Earth, Apophis orbits the sun and now and again, it almost comes into contact with our planet. On April 13, 2029, the 40-50 million ton asteroid is expected to get within 32,000 kilometres of Earth, closer than some artificial satellites – something that has never occurred in recorded history.

Weather permitting, five years from now, Apophis’s passage may be visible to the naked eye in Asia, the Indian Ocean, Australia, most of Africa and Europe, and part of the Pacific Ocean.

Old spacecraft, new mission

After a seven-year journey to the Bennu asteroid, the OSIRIS-REx returned to Earth in September. After the 4 billion kilometre journey, the spacecraft still had a quarter of its fuel left and was thus sent off to intercept Apophis.

Several other destinations, including Venus, were considered though the voyage to Apophis won out. For its new mission, the spacecraft was renamed OSIRIS-APEX (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security – Apophis Explorer).

The mission will cost an estimated $200 million, according to NASA.

Apophis is an “S-type” asteroid composed of silicate and nickel-iron materials, distinguishing it from “C-type” asteroids, rich in carbon, like Bennu. 

When the asteroid gets closer to Earth, OSIRIS-APEX will get within 25 metres of Apophis’s surface to extract as much information as possible. Of particular interest to scientists is "how the surface changes when interacting with Earth's gravity", said Amy Simon, the mission's principal investigator at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, in the NASA press release announcing the mission.

Coming into contact with Earth’s gravitational field could trigger earthquakes and landslides on the asteroid, which would then stir up matter. "Apophis’s close encounter with Earth will change the asteroid’s orbit and the length of its 30.6-hour day,” said NASA.

"We know that tidal forces and the accumulation of rubble pile material are foundational processes that could play a role in planet formation," said Dani Mendoza DellaGiustina, principal investigator of the OSIRIS-APEX mission at the University of Arizona. "They could shed light on how we evolved from the debris of the early solar system to full-blown planets."

While most known potentially hazardous asteroids (whose orbits approach within 4.6 million kilometres of Earth) are S-type, Apophis’s proximity to Earth allows NASA to research planetary defence, one of the organisation’s top priorities.

Collision with Earth ruled out

The discovery of the Apophis at Arizona’s Kitt Peak Observatory in 2004 raised concerns and still fuels theories about a potential collision with Earth. "Apophis is coming, that's why they're building their bunkers," reads a post from a user on X.

In the early stages of discovery, the asteroid was classed as a level 4 on the Torino Scale (used to categorise the risks of impacts from near-Earth objects, such as asteroids or comets, on a scale from 0 to 10), the highest-ever classification.

But in December 2004, just a few months after the asteroid's discovery, updated modelling demonstrated the possibility of impact with Earth was nearly zero. 

Furthermore, in June 2021, Apophis passed 17 million kilometres from Earth, allowing NASA to adjust calculations and definitively rule out the possibility of a collision. 

Dismissing a "Don't Look Up" scenario, NASA officially removed Apophis from its Earth Close Approaches list.

After the asteroid passes, OSIRIS-APEX will operate near it for 18 months to study the changes caused to Aophis by its proximity to the Earth.

This article has been translated from the original in French.

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US military space plane blasts off on another secretive mission expected to last years - ABC News

The U.S. military's X-37B space plane blasted off Thursday on another secretive mission that’s expected to last at least a couple of years.

Like previous missions, the reusable plane resembling a mini space shuttle carried classified experiments. There's no one on board.

The space plane took off aboard SpaceX’s Falcon Heavy rocket from NASA's Kennedy Space Center at night, more than two weeks late because of technical issues.

It marked the seventh flight of an X-37B, which has logged more than 10 years in orbit since its debut in 2010.

The last flight, the longest one yet, lasted 2 1/2 years before ending on a runway at Kennedy a year ago.

Space Force officials would not say how long this orbital test vehicle would remain aloft or what's on board other than a NASA experiment to gauge the effects of radiation on materials.

Built by Boeing, the X-37B resembles NASA’s retired space shuttles. But they're just one-fourth the size at 29 feet (9 meters) long. No astronauts are needed; the X-37B has an autonomous landing system.

They take off vertically like rockets but land horizontally like planes, and are designed to orbit between 150 miles and 500 miles (240 kilometers and 800 kilometers) high. There are two X-37Bs based in a former shuttle hangar at Kennedy.

___

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NASA Juno probe to produce 'firehose of data' during close flyby of Jupiter moon - The Register

NASA's Juno mission is to close out 2023 with a low pass over Io, one of Jupiter's many moons.

The spacecraft will come within 930 miles (1,500 kilometres) of the surface on December 30. According to NASA this week, "The pass is expected to allow Juno instruments to generate a firehose of data."

We're sure beaming back that sensor data will be a lot of fun. The probe's computer system includes 256 MB of flash memory, 128 MB of DRAM, a radiation-hardened PowerPC processor, and a set of radio communication uplinks and downlinks.

Io is slightly larger than Earth's moon and is said to be the most geologically active object in the Solar System. Its volcanoes produce plumes of sulfur that can reach 300 miles (500 kilometres) above the surface as Jupiter and the other moons of the gas giant pull on Io.

Juno is one of many spacecraft to snap shots of Jupiter and its moons. Pioneer 10 and 11 got there in 1973 and 1974 respectively, followed by the Voyagers, which featured far more advanced imaging systems. The Voyager images provided evidence of plumes emanating from the surface of Io, and the pair were followed by the Galileo probe, which arrived in 1995.

Other craft – Cassini and New Horizons – also made observations as they hurtled toward their ultimate destinations.

Juno is now in the third year of its extended mission to study Jupiter, and a second close flyby – also within approximately 930 miles (1,500 kilometers) is planned for February 3, 2024. Quite a bit closer than the 6,830 miles (11,000 kilometres) to 62,100 miles (100,000 kilometres) from where the spacecraft had been monitoring the moon.

The spacecraft's three cameras will be running during the flyby, and the highest-resolution images to date are expected to be produced by the Stellar Reference Unit. This navigation camera has proven useful for scientific purposes.

However, all is not entirely well with Juno's payload. While the JunoCam – added for public engagement purposes – will be running, this imager is showing signs of deterioration, having passed its expected lifespan. It was, after all, only supposed to operate for up to seven Jupiter orbits. This week's Io pass will be Juno's 57th orbit around Jupiter.

"The cumulative effects of all that radiation has begun to show on JunoCam over the last few orbits," said Ed Hirst, project manager of Juno at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California.

"Pictures from the last flyby show a reduction in the imager's dynamic range and the appearance of 'striping' noise."

Engineers are working to alleviate the damage and keep the imager going. The JunoCam kicked off 2023 with some technical issues, including an odd rise in temperature when the device was switched on. It is not, however, considered part of the science instruments, although the images have proven useful to scientists.

The Juno team has slightly tweaked the spacecraft's planned future trajectory to add more Io flybys after February 3. However, these will get progressively more distant, with the last being about 71,450 miles (115,000 kilometres) from the moon.

But all good things must come to an end. The mission is scheduled to run through September 2025 unless something breaks sooner. The data collected has and will prove invaluable for the upcoming Europa Clipper mission and the European Space Agency's Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer – JUICE – which is due to arrive at Jupiter in 2031 following its launch on April 14, 2023. ®

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SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket ready to launch military spaceplane after delays - Fox Weather

A SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket with the USSF-52 mission ready to launch from Kennedy Space Center launchpad 39A on Dec. 28, 2023. (Image: SpaceX)

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, Fla. – SpaceX plans to launch a U.S. military spaceplane from Florida on Thursday night, marking one of the final launches of the year.

A Falcon Heavy rocket is scheduled to launch the U.S. Air Force and Space Force X-37B Orbital Test Vehicle from Kennedy Space Center's launchpad 39A. The launch window opens at 8:07 p.m. EST.

Hours after the Falcon Heavy launch, SpaceX also plans to launch a round of Starlink internet satellites from Space Launch Complex 40 during a 4-hour window opening at 11 p.m. on Thursday. 

RECORD-BREAKING SPACEX ROCKET BOOSTER TOPPLES IN ROUGH SEAS AFTER 19TH LANDING

Previous launch attempts this month to send the X-37B spaceplane into orbit from SpaceX's launchpad at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station were thwarted by weather and technical delays.

This will be the first time the Boeing-built spaceplane flies with SpaceX.

FILE PHOTO: Boeing's X-37B was built for the U.S. Air Force. (Image: Boeing)

X-37B has set new records for time in orbit with each flight. Since its first launch in 2010, X-37B has spent 3,774 days in space through six missions. Its last mission ended in November 2022 after more than 900 days in orbit on a mission for the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Space Force.

The spaceplane is an orbital platform for different test and experimentation missions, some of which are classified. This seventh mission, known as OTV-7 and designated USSF-52, will fly unclassified and classified experiments.

A NASA experiment called Seeds-2 will expose plant seeds to radiation during a long-duration spaceflight. A previous version of the experiment flew on X-37B's last mission. 

It is confidential when the spaceplane returns to Earth.

Cold viewing conditions with good launch weather 

The Southeast is in for a chilly few days heading into the new year. A frigid pool of cold air is moving in which may force even revelers in Key West to find coats. Some cities could even see snow. Robert Ray takes us to New Orleans which has already activated a Freeze Plan.

A storm front moving south has dropped temperatures across Florida, providing chilly viewing conditions for those hoping to watch either of SpaceX's launches Thursday night. The temperature Thursday evening will be 60 degrees with scattered cloud cover.

SOUTH FACES FREEZING TEMPERATURES, CHANCE OF SNOW AS 2024 APPROACHES

Forecasters with the Space Force’s 45th Weather Squadron predict an 80% chance of favorable launch weather on Thursday night. 

Rain associated with the cold front pushing across Florida will move out by Thursday evening for the launch. However, the primary concern will be cumulus cloud cover associated with any remaining showers developing along the cold front.

The launch forecast for Thursday night.

(FOX Weather)

If the launch is delayed to Friday night, the forecast improves to 95% favorable, with liftoff winds being the primary weather concern. Temperatures on the Space Coast will continue to drop into Friday and will be in the mid-50s by the backup launch window. 

FILE PHOTO: On Feb. 6, 2018, SpaceX launched the Falcon Heavy rocket on a test flight from Kennedy Space Center in Florida. After the launch, the three Falcon boosters came back for landing. (Image: SpaceX)

This will mark the fifth Falcon Heavy launch in 2023. The powerful rocket produces more than 5 million pounds of thrust with three Falcon boosters and 27 Merlin engines.

SpaceX said this will be the fifth launch and landing of the Falcon Heavy side boosters. About 8 minutes after launch, the boosters will land for a sixth time back at Landing Zones 1 and 2 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station. These landings can create sonic booms that reverberate across Florida's Space Coast and beyond. 

The final launch of 2023 will also be for SpaceX’s Starlink service but on the West Coast. SpaceX is targeting Saturday night to launch more Starlink satellites from Vandenberg Space Force Base in California. 

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God of Chaos: NASA to study asteroid that might hit Earth in... - IndiaTimes

NEW DELHI: American space agency NASA with the help of its advanced ground and space-based telescope has found several asteroids which pose a possible risk for Earth. Bennu is the most prominent asteroid among them which has a 1/2700 chance of hitting Earth between 2175 and 2195. Dust and rock samples collected from Bennu were recently brought back to Earth by NASA.
Additionally, NASA has directed OSIRIS-REx spacecraft to study another possibly dangerous asteroid, Apophis.This asteroid is believed to get very close to Earth in this decade. The space agency has named this mission as God of Chaos.
NASA will now use the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft to investigate the close approach of asteroid Apophis in 2029. However, it has no plans to gather samples from Apophis. Instead it will use spacecraft's thrusters while being 16 feet above the asteroid's surface to stir up rocks and dust to see the material beneath the asteroid's surface.
“The close approach is a great natural experiment. We know that tidal forces and the accumulation of rubble pile material are foundational processes that could play a role in planet formation. They could inform how we got from debris in the early solar system to full-blown planets," said Dani Mendoza DellaGiustina, Principal investigator for OSIRIS-APEX.
The mission has been named God of Chaos as Apophis because it means evil serpent in ancient Egyptian mythology. It is labeled as Asteroid 2004 MN4 by NASA's Center for Near-Earth Object Studies and is named as Asteroid 99942 Apophis.
As per NASA, Asteroid 99942 Apophis is scheduled to make a very close approach to Earth on April 13, 2029. On that day, it will get as close as 38,000 kilometers to Earth's surface, closer than many satellites orbiting the planet. Surprisingly, it will be visible to observers in the Eastern Hemisphere without needing a telescope or binoculars! The asteroid will be traveling at a speed of approximately 26,712 kilometers per hour, almost as fast as an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM).
Scientists have ruled out the asteroid's risk of impact in 2029, but concerns remain for potential impacts in 2036 and 2068.

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SpaceX Falcon Heavy to launch X-37B plane, one of the US military’s most fascinating secrets - CNN

CNN  — 

SpaceX’s hulking Falcon Heavy rocket will return to the skies Thursday evening, and this time it’s launching a mysterious spacecraft for the US military that will carry out cutting-edge research.

The rocket is scheduled to lift off from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida at 8:07 p.m. ET, carrying the military’s X-37B space plane — which is uncrewed and operates autonomously — to unprecedented altitudes. The launch will stream live on SpaceX’s website.

It is not clear, however, exactly where the space plane is going.

The X-37B’s activities in space have long been the subject of fascination and speculation in the space community as amateur enthusiasts race to track its whereabouts and share theories about its activities.

Resembling a miniature NASA space shuttle with the windows blacked out, the reusable and fully autonomous X-37B has been known to carry out research on concepts such as relaying solar energy from space for use back on Earth and studying the effects of radiation on seeds used to grow food.

And this mission — the seventh trip to space for an X-37B plane — promises to be even more intriguing than earlier flights.

The X-37B orbital test vehicle concludes its sixth successful mission in 2022.

Staff Sgt. Adam Shanks/US Space Force

A powerful ride

This launch will mark the first time the space plane has hitched a ride on a SpaceX Falcon Heavy, one of the most powerful operational rockets in the world.

Previously, the X-37B has launched on the SpaceX Falcon 9 vehicle and the Atlas V rocket built by United Launch Alliance, a joint venture between Lockheed Martin and Boeing.

The Falcon Heavy produces more thrust than both of those rockets combined.

NASA's Lucy spacecraft, atop a United Launch Alliance Atlas 5 rocket for a mission to study the Trojan asteroids in the outer solar system, launches from Pad-41 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, in Cape Canaveral, Florida, October 16, 2021. REUTERS/Thom Baur

Thom Baur/Reuters

These 2023 science and exploration missions seemed like fiction

The launch via the Falcon Heavy could indicate that X-37B is destined for more distant orbits, perhaps even to the moon or Mars, suggested Paul Graziani, CEO of COMSPOC, a company dedicated to tracking objects in space.

If it does travel much deeper into the cosmos than earlier flights, it could be far more difficult for sky-gazers on Earth to determine where the vehicle is.

If the military doesn’t want people to track the X-37B, Graziani added, the vehicle can be hidden in the glare of the sun or by various other means — including changing its position often. The X-37B has already proven on previous flights that it’s capable of making multiple maneuvers in space.

COMSPOC will attempt to search for the vehicle if the spacecraft winds up in geosynchronous orbit, which lies about 22,400 miles (36,000 kilometers) from Earth and is where most massive communications satellites operate. Geosynchronous orbit is where the company focuses its sensors for tracking satellites, said Graziani and Bob Hall, COMSPOC’s director of operations integration.

“I think it’s one of the most interesting things that’s happened in space in a long time, whatever it’s going to do,” Graziani said of the X-37B launch.

Space technology innovations

The X-37B makes it possible for the United States to carry out experiments to understand how to improve ongoing and upcoming space operations and push the boundaries of what’s possible, according to a statement by Gen. B. Chance Saltzman, chief of space operations.

Among the research on board this mission is a NASA experiment that aims to find ways to sustain astronauts on future deep-space missions. Called Seeds-2, it will “expose plant seeds to the harsh radiation environment of long-duration spaceflight” and build on research carried out on previous X-37B missions.

Learning how to grow food in the harsh, soilless environment of outer space could be crucial for astronauts on lengthy missions to the moon or beyond — places where it’s more difficult to deliver fresh supplies.

An illustration of the UK-designed CASSIOPeiA solar power satellite. Space-based solar power involves harvesting sunlight from Earth orbit then beaming it down to the surface where it is needed.

Space Solar

This wild, futuristic space plan could help save the world. But some say it’s too far-fetched

It’s unclear how long the spacecraft will spend in orbit for this stint, though historically each X-37B flight has been longer than the last.

The last trip to space for the autonomous X-37B concluded in November 2022 after the spacecraft logged nearly 909 consecutive days in space. During that sixth mission, as CNN previously reported, the space plane carried experimental technology designed by the US Navy to convert solar energy and transmit it back to the ground, according to the military.

The X-37B has already spent more than 3,700 days in space on other uncrewed missions. When it returns to Earth, it will land on a runway, much like an airplane swooping down from the skies.

Challenging China

This launch comes after more than two weeks of delays. SpaceX was prepared to lift off on December 10. The launch was pushed off twice because of weather and issues with the ground pad before SpaceX abruptly delayed the mission indefinitely to “perform additional system checkouts.”

But during the downtime, China — which the US government considers its chief competitor in a modern space race — sent its own secretive spacecraft into orbit.

Little about the spacecraft from China is known. Some in the industry speculate it is a doppelganger of the X-37B in form and function, though no official photos of the vehicle have been released.

China’s state-run Xinhua News Agency reported that the clandestine spacecraft launched aboard a Long March 2F rocket.

The agency’s post added only that during its stay in space, the vehicle will test out reusable space technology and carry out unspecified science experiments “for the peaceful use of space.”

It is not clear how long China’s space plane will spend in orbit.

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Earth may rip apart passing asteroids, simulations suggest - Livescience.com

Every year, dozens of asteroids come closer to our planet than the moon is, and yet catastrophic collisions are exceedingly rare. Now, a new study proposes that Earth has a built-in defense system —  its intense gravitational forces — that it uses to tackle asteroid interlopers.

The enormous masses of planets and their moons mean they exert tremendous gravitational forces on nearby objects. The differences in gravity these objects experience, called tidal forces because astronomers used them to explain how the moon causes tides on Earth,  can be so strong in some cases that the objects get ripped up ― a process called tidal disruption.

In 1994, space enthusiasts got a firsthand glimpse of the awesome power of tidal disruption when pieces of the comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, torn apart by Jupiter's tidal forces during a close encounter two years earlier, crashed into the gas giant. But for decades, astronomers couldn't find evidence that Earth and other terrestrial planets tidally disrupt passing asteroids or comets.

Related: 'Planet killer' asteroids are hiding in the sun's glare. Can we stop them in time?

Mikael Granvik, first author of the new study and a planetary scientist at Sweden's Luleå University of Technology, has long been searching for these gravitationally ripped-apart near-Earth asteroids (NEAs). "Some ten years ago we looked for families of NEAs that would have formed in such tidal disruptions, but didn't find any," Granvik told Live Science in an email. A follow-up study explained why: Any fragments formed this way would "mix with the background so quickly" that identifying a specific family is impossible, he said.

The hunt for gravitationally torn asteroids remained at a dead end untilGranvik had a flash of insight. In 2016, he helped create a model that calculated the trajectories of asteroids of different sizes to determine their numbers at different distances from the sun.

Granvik and his colleagues compared their model's results with seven years' worth of asteroid observations collated by the Catalina Sky Survey, a NASA-funded Arizona telescope-based program that detects NEAs. But their estimates vastly underpredicted the numbers of certain asteroids ― those spotted at the distances at which Earth and Venus orbit the sun. Most of these missed asteroids were pretty small, chugging along roughly circular paths around the sun, more or less within the same plane as the orbits of Earth  and Venus.

A map of all the known near-Earth asteroids and comets as they orbit the Sun. (Image credit: NASA/ JPL-Caltechu003c/strongu003e)

Then came Granvik's eureka moment. He realized these oddball asteroids could be tidally disrupted fragments of larger asteroids.

To check this idea, Granvik and co-author Kevin Walsh, a researcher at theSouthwest Research Institute in Colorado, considered a scenario where asteroids that encountered rocky planets lost between 50% and 90% of their mass, generating streams of fragments. Now, their model correctly accounted for the previously unexplained asteroids, suggesting they had been created by tidal disruptions. They described the findings in a new study, which has been accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal Letters and is available on the preprint database arXiv.

"While individual families are hard to find, the combination of multiple families will produce a signature that we can identify," Granvik said. Additional simulations showed such fragments hung around a really long time, lasting an average of 9 million years before colliding with the sun or a planet  or getting kicked out of the solar system.

Tidal disruption caused by Earth may help tackle asteroids, but it creates problems too, by generating more NEAs that are likely to strike our planet. Don't panic, though — because these fragments are smaller than 0.6 mile (1 kilometer) in diameter, "they don't pose an extinction-level threat," Granvik said. However, they do "increase the possibilities for Tunguska-level and Chelyabinsk-level events" — the two largest asteroid impact events in recent history.

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NASA's Daring Mission To Intercept the “God of Chaos” Asteroid As It Closes In on Earth - SciTechDaily

OSIRIS-REx, now OSIRIS-APEX, is on a mission to study asteroid Apophis, utilizing its close approach to Earth in 2029. After successfully returning a sample from Bennu, the spacecraft will observe Apophis, an “S-type” asteroid, providing insights into solar system formation and planetary defense. Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center

The former OSIRIS-REx spacecraft sets off on a journey to study asteroid Apophis and take advantage of the asteroid’s 2029 flyby of Earth, the likes of which hasn’t happened since the dawn of recorded history.

At the end of a long-haul road trip, it might be time to kick up your feet and rest awhile – especially if it was a seven-year, 4 billion-mile journey to bring Earth a sample of asteroid Bennu. But OSIRIS-REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification and Security – Regolith Explorer), the NASA mission that accomplished this feat in September, is already well on its way (with a new name) to explore a new destination.

When OSIRIS-REx left Bennu in May 2021 with a sample aboard, its instruments were in great condition, and it still had a quarter of its fuel left. So instead of shutting down the spacecraft after it delivered the sample, the team proposed to dispatch it on a bonus mission to asteroid Apophis, with an expected arrival in April 2029. NASA agreed, and OSIRIS-APEX (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security – Apophis Explorer) was born.

This illustration shows the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft departing asteroid Bennu to begin its two-year journey back to Earth. Credit: NASA/Goddard/University of Arizona

A Rare Opportunity at Apophis

After considering several destinations (including Venus and various comets), NASA chose to send the spacecraft to Apophis, an “S-type” asteroid made of silicate materials and nickel-iron – a fair bit different than the carbon-rich, “C-type” Bennu.

The intrigue of Apophis is its exceptionally close approach of our planet on April 13, 2029. Although Apophis will not hit Earth during this encounter or in the foreseeable future, the pass in 2029 will bring the asteroid within 20,000 miles (32,000 kilometers) of the surface – closer than some satellites, and close enough that it could be visible to the naked eye in the Eastern Hemisphere.

Scientists estimate that asteroids of Apophis’ size, about 367 yards across (about 340 meters), come this close to Earth only once every 7,500 years.

These images of asteroid Apophis were recorded by radio antennas at the Deep Space Network’s Goldstone complex in California and the Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia. The asteroid was 10.6 million miles (17 million kilometers) away, and each pixel has a resolution of 127 feet (38.75 meters). Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech and NSF/AUI/GBO

“OSIRIS-APEX will study Apophis immediately after such a pass, allowing us to see how its surface changes by interacting with Earth’s gravity,” said Amy Simon, the mission’s project scientist based at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.

Apophis’ close encounter with Earth will change the asteroid’s orbit and the length of its 30.6-hour day. The encounter also may cause quakes and landslides on the asteroid’s surface that could churn up material and uncover what lies beneath.

“The close approach is a great natural experiment,” said Dani Mendoza DellaGiustina, principal investigator for OSIRIS-APEX at the University of Arizona in Tucson. “We know that tidal forces and the accumulation of rubble pile material are foundational processes that could play a role in planet formation. They could inform how we got from debris in the early solar system to full-blown planets.”

Apophis represents more than just the opportunity to learn more about how solar systems and planets form: As it happens, most of the known potentially hazardous asteroids (those whose orbits come within 4.6 million miles of Earth) are also S-types. What the team learns about Apophis can inform planetary defense research, a top priority for NASA.

OSIRIS-APEX: Travel Itinerary

By April 2, 2029 – around two weeks before Apophis’ close encounter with Earth – OSIRIS-APEX’s cameras will begin taking images of the asteroid as the spacecraft catches up to it. Apophis will also be closely observed by Earth-based telescopes during this time. But in the hours after the close encounter, Apophis will appear too near the Sun in the sky to be observed by ground-based optical telescopes. This means any changes triggered by the close encounter will be best detected by the spacecraft.

This animation depicts the orbital trajectory of asteroid 99942 Apophis as it zooms safely past Earth on April 13, 2029. Earth’s gravity will slightly deflect the trajectory as the 1,100-foot-wide (340-meter-wide) near-Earth object comes within 20,000 miles (32,000 kilometers) of our planet’s surface. The dots are the many man-made satellites that orbit our planet. The motion has been speeded up 2,000 times. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

OSIRIS-APEX will arrive at the asteroid on April 13, 2029, and operate in its proximity for about the next 18 months. In addition to studying changes to Apophis caused by its Earth encounter, the spacecraft will conduct many of the same investigations OSIRIS-REx did at Bennu, including using its instrument suite of imagers, spectrometers, and a laser altimeter to closely map the surface and analyze its chemical makeup.

As an encore, OSIRIS-APEX will reprise one of OSIRIS-REx’s most impressive acts (minus sample collection), dipping within 16 feet of the asteroid’s surface and firing its thrusters downward. This maneuver will stir up surface rocks and dust to give scientists a peek at the material that lies below.

Although the rendezvous with Apophis is more than five years away, the next milestone on its journey is the first of six close Sun passes. Those near approaches, along with three gravity assists from Earth, will put OSIRIS-APEX on course to reach Apophis in April 2029.

What OSIRIS-APEX will discover about Apophis remains to be seen, but if the mission’s previous incarnation is any indication, surprising science lies ahead. “We learned a lot at Bennu, but now we’re armed with even more questions for our next target,” Simon said.

NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center provides overall mission management, systems engineering, and the safety and mission assurance for OSIRIS-APEX. Dani Mendoza DellaGiustina of the University of Arizona, Tucson, is the principal investigator. The university leads the science team and the mission’s science observation planning and data processing. Lockheed Martin Space in Littleton, Colorado, built the spacecraft and provides flight operations. Goddard and KinetX Aerospace are responsible for navigating the OSIRIS-APEX spacecraft. International partnerships on this mission include the spacecraft’s laser altimeter instrument from CSA (the Canadian Space Agency) and science collaboration with JAXA’s (the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) Hayabusa2 mission. OSIRIS-APEX (previously named OSIRIS-REx) is the third mission in NASA’s New Frontiers Program, managed by NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, for the agency’s Science Mission Directorate in Washington.

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Pioneering spacecraft reaches moon's orbit, beams back images - Mashable

After more than three months of whizzing through space, Japan's lunar lander arrived at the moon on Christmas.

The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency — NASA's Japanese counterpart known as JAXA for short — announced that its moon mission had achieved a major milestone on Dec. 25, successfully inserting into an oval-shaped orbit around the lunar north and south poles. For the next month, its orbit will gradually become more circular before it attempts the actual landing.

Whether the spacecraft will succeed in that regard is anyone's guess: About half of all lunar landing attempts have failed, and only one out of three missions that tried to touch down on the moon in 2023 made it without a crash. In August, India became the fourth country to land on the moon, joining the former Soviet Union, United States, and China as the only spacefaring nations to have achieved this feat. Russia and a private Japanese startup company's attempts, both robotic spacecraft, didn't make it.

Getting to the moon, about a quarter-million miles from Earth, isn't even half the battle. But so far, the SLIM mission, short for Smart Lander for Investigating the Moon, has not disappointed with its close-up photoshoot of the moon. As the spacecraft swooped about 370 miles above the surface, it snapped images with its navigation camera, revealing a lunar surface pocked and splattered by craters.

SEE ALSO: Spacecraft sends back unusual view of Earth and the moon

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Apollo moon-landing deniers have taught us that even pictures sometimes aren't enough to convince folks inclined to believe conspiracy theories. So JAXA stitched together some of the lunar images into a flip book-like video (shown above in this X post) — further evidence of the landmark event.

"You can see that SLIM is indeed moving above the lunar surface," the Japanese space agency said on X, formerly Twitter, according to a Google translation.

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The SLIM mission launched from the Tanegashima Space Center in Japan on Sept. 7 and is expected to touch down near Shioli crater on the moon's near side on Jan. 20. Its goal is to demonstrate a so-called "pinpoint landing" with an accuracy of less than 100 yards, a level of precision unprecedented for moon landings. Most landing targets are many square-miles in scope.

As the uncrewed SLIM spacecraft swooped about 370 miles above the ground, it snapped photos with its navigation camera, revealing a lunar surface pocked and splattered by craters. Credit: JAXA / SLIM

If Japan succeeds, it will be the fifth nation to set a spacecraft down on the moon.

That will put it a few weeks ahead of U.S.-based Astrobotic Technologies' moon landing effort, which will try to bring five NASA instruments to the surface, among other payloads. In April, a private Japanese company, ispace, also tried to land on the moon but ran out of fuel on descent and ultimately crashed.

About 60 years have passed since the first uncrewed moon landings, but touching down remains onerous. The moon's exosphere — an extremely thin atmosphere of gasses barely held by the moon's gravity — provides virtually no drag to slow a spacecraft down as it approaches the ground. Furthermore, there are no GPS systems on the moon to help guide a craft to its landing spot.

If the SLIM mission succeeds, Japan will be the fifth nation to set a spacecraft down on the moon. Credit: JAXA / SLIM

For decades, no one seemed interested in returning to the moon's surface, but that has changed in recent years, with NASA's Artemis campaign spurring them on. Several nations and private companies have set their sights on the lunar south pole because of its ice, thought to be buried there in permanently shadowed craters. The natural resource is coveted because it could supply drinking water, oxygen, and rocket fuel for future missions.

That means one day the moon could become more than just a heavenly destination, but a stop on the way to Mars — or possibly even other worlds.

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